This volume is a Phd dissertation approved by the Senate of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem during the summer of 2007. it is an examination of literary material of the Q source in the light of themes contained in some texts from the Aramaicc targums on the Pentteuch. The author argues that some of the themes in the latter still contain literary and theological traces useful in detecting the process of the composition of Q, the formation of its traditions, and the development of its theologies. The study of passages in Q in the light of a number of texts from the aramaic Targums has identified a variety of traditions and theologies in the source common to Matthew and Luke. Before Q became a unitary written document, it may have had a varied and complex history that goes back to conflicting biblical interpretations inside the synagogue first, and vis-a-vis the synagogue later. The formation and composition of the Q traditions - and of their Matthean redaction - may have been made by scribes who were connected in some way among them-selves, as well as having links with the synagogue and with the life and belief of some early communities of Jesus' followers.